Google Gemini Spark: The 24/7 AI Agent Rewriting Marketing Workflows

Google's Gemini Spark launched to AI Ultra subscribers in late May 2026, and reviewers are calling it both the most capable and most unsettling AI experience they've encountered. [The Verge](https://www.theverge.com/ai-artificial-intelligence/941388/gemini-spark-ai-agent-trip-planning) published a h


0

Google’s Gemini Spark launched to AI Ultra subscribers in late May 2026, and reviewers are calling it both the most capable and most unsettling AI experience they’ve encountered. The Verge published a hands-on review on June 2 declaring it “the most impressive and terrifying AI experience I’ve had yet” — and for marketers who live inside Google Workspace, that reaction points directly at something they need to understand now. This isn’t another AI writing tool. It’s an authorized agent that acts on your behalf, continuously, using data it already has access to.

What Happened

Google officially unveiled Gemini Spark at Google I/O 2026 on May 19, 2026, positioning it as an autonomous personal AI agent built to handle long-horizon tasks with minimal user oversight. According to TechCrunch’s Russell Brandom, Spark is built on Gemini base models and an agentic harness developed by Google Antigravity — an internal team focused on building agent infrastructure on top of Google’s model stack.

The architecture is a meaningful departure from every AI assistant that came before it. Unlike a chatbot you open and close on demand, Spark runs continuously on dedicated virtual machines inside Google Cloud. Your laptop doesn’t need to stay on. Your phone doesn’t need to be unlocked. Spark works because it’s not running on your device — it’s running on Google’s infrastructure, with authorization to access your data.

CEO Sundar Pichai described Spark at I/O as a tool that “helps you navigate your digital life, taking action on your behalf.” That framing is precise and deliberate. This isn’t positioned as a productivity assistant — it’s positioned as an agent with delegated authority to act on your behalf across your digital workspace.

The product integrates natively with Gmail, Google Docs, Google Sheets, Google Slides, and the Chrome browser. Users issue instructions by emailing a dedicated Spark Gmail address rather than opening a chat interface. On Android devices, Google’s new Halo system provides real-time progress updates as Spark works through extended tasks. For third-party app connections, Spark supports the MCP protocol — the same open standard that other agentic AI platforms have adopted for tool integrations.

As of launch, Spark is available exclusively to Google AI Ultra subscribers, with no announced timeline for broader rollout. TechCrunch noted that Google positions Spark directly against Anthropic’s Claude Cowork and OpenAI’s ChatGPT Agent — the first time all three major AI labs have comparable autonomous agent offerings available simultaneously in the consumer market.

By June 2, The Verge’s hands-on review had focused on a trip planning test — a benchmark the AI industry has been promising to deliver on for four years. The review noted that previous AI tools had long promised to “exhaustively search travel options, read up on all the fun things to do, check all the local” conditions — and that Gemini Spark actually followed through where others hadn’t delivered. The “terrifying” descriptor wasn’t hyperbole; it reflected the experience of watching an AI agent complete a multi-step research and planning task the way a capable human assistant would, with full autonomy and minimal prompting.

The first substantive hands-on evaluation came from TechCrunch’s Sarah Perez on May 30, a week before The Verge’s more dramatic framing. Perez found Spark genuinely useful for research synthesis, event planning, deal discovery, and newsletter summarization, while identifying notable gaps including missing Google Keep support, incomplete research on tasks requiring multiple data points (like summer camp pricing and program dates), and no ability to make third-party bookings on platforms like Resy or through preferred flight search engines.

The competitive context makes the launch timing significant. The same week Spark reviews began circulating, OpenAI announced 62 apps and 110 capabilities for Codex, and ChatGPT added job search integrations with Indeed, Upwork, and Appcast plus built-in resume editing tools. The Decoder’s June 2 coverage noted that OpenAI’s non-developer user group is “growing three times faster” than developers — confirming that the AI tools race has definitively shifted from coding automation to white-collar workflow automation. Marketers are in that category.

Why This Matters

The thing that separates Gemini Spark from every AI assistant that preceded it isn’t the underlying model quality — it’s the persistent authorization architecture. Every other AI tool you’ve deployed requires you to initiate the conversation, supply the context, review the output, and close the session. Spark inverts this model. You grant access once, issue a task, and the agent executes on Google Cloud infrastructure while you’re doing something else entirely.

For marketers, this has three specific implications that change how you think about AI in your stack.

It changes the economics of research workflows. Marketing requires constant intelligence gathering: monitoring competitor announcements, tracking industry newsletters, compiling event listings, watching pricing changes across vendor platforms. Today this is done manually, or with cobbled-together RSS readers, Zapier workflows, and browser bookmarks that require daily maintenance and human attention to process. Spark can pull from labeled Gmail newsletters, run concurrent web searches via Chrome, and synthesize findings into structured Google Docs summaries — without a standing appointment on anyone’s calendar. Sarah Perez’s testing showed Spark successfully compiling local event listings from Gmail newsletters and web searches into a consolidated calendar-ready list in a single task run — and doing it without being prompted to check each individual source.

It changes who can effectively run a marketing operation. The Verge’s trip-planning test isn’t interesting because of travel — it’s a proxy benchmark for any multi-step research and synthesis task that previously required either human judgment or a full-time coordinator to execute reliably. When Spark handles that workflow autonomously, a one- or two-person marketing team can execute research pipelines that previously required dedicated staff. Sundar Pichai’s I/O framing — that small businesses can use Spark to “watch over their inbox, so they never miss a question from a customer” — applies directly to the client inquiry queue at a small marketing agency or the contact form pipeline at a mid-market brand.

It challenges the human-in-the-loop assumption that current AI marketing tools are built on. Every AI marketing product in your stack right now — whether it’s a content generation tool, a research summarizer, or a campaign assistant — was designed with a human at the keyboard triggering each action. Spark operates on a fundamentally different authorization model: you define the task and the scope, and it executes until complete. This shifts the marketer’s most valuable contribution from “knowing how to prompt AI effectively” to “knowing what to authorize AI to do on your behalf” — a subtler but more consequential skill distinction that most teams haven’t started developing yet.

The “terrifying” framing from The Verge captures something that deserves explicit acknowledgment rather than dismissal. TechCrunch’s announcement piece put it plainly: “Google may have an underrated advantage: It already has all your emails.” Spark doesn’t need an OAuth connection to your inbox — it’s already inside it. Every email, every document, every spreadsheet you’ve ever stored in Google Workspace is available to it the moment you grant authorization. That’s an enormous capability advantage and an equally enormous trust surface. Marketing teams handling client communications, campaign budgets, or competitive intelligence under NDA need to treat this as a data governance question before it becomes a contractual or reputational problem.

The Data

Gemini Spark launches into a market where three major autonomous agent platforms now compete simultaneously. Here’s how they compare as of June 2026:

Feature Google Gemini Spark Anthropic Claude Cowork OpenAI ChatGPT Agent
Availability Google AI Ultra subscribers Limited / waitlist ChatGPT Pro / Enterprise
Operating model 24/7 on Google Cloud VMs Persistent sessions Task-based sessions
Native data access Gmail, Docs, Sheets, Slides, Chrome MCP-based connections Limited (web + code tools)
Task initiation Email Spark’s Gmail address Chat or API Chat or API
Mobile progress tracking Android Halo system None noted None noted
Third-party app support MCP protocol MCP protocol Plugin ecosystem
Infrastructure model Google Cloud (device-independent) Session-based Session-based
Key gap No Google Keep; no booking Availability limits No deep email access
Privacy model Full Google Workspace access Isolated per session Limited data retention
Standout strength Workspace depth + Gmail history Security / enterprise compliance Code generation and deep research

Sources: TechCrunch (May 19, 2026), TechCrunch (May 30, 2026)

The task-level performance from Sarah Perez’s hands-on review is more useful for marketers evaluating the tool than any benchmark score:

Marketing-Relevant Task Outcome Noted Limitation
Shopping and deal identification Success — found drugstore deals, suggested coupon stacking One promo code was invalid
Packing list with contextual research Success — checked weather, venue details, gave comprehensive item suggestions None noted
Event and activity planning from newsletters + web Success — compiled listings, added to calendar in one click None noted
Newsletter summarization Partial success — extracted content with source links Returned 4 items instead of 5 requested
Research with incomplete data (summer camps) Partial — activity info provided, pricing and dates missing Required additional prompting to complete
Export to Google Keep Failed — not supported Defaulted to Docs or email draft
Third-party bookings (Resy, flights) Failed — not supported Major gap vs. user expectations
iPhone hardware shortcut access Not available Android-only for Halo tracking

Source: TechCrunch (May 30, 2026)

The competitive infrastructure context is also relevant to understanding Spark’s longevity as a platform worth investing time in. The Decoder reported on June 2, 2026 that Alphabet raised $80 billion in AI infrastructure capital, with Berkshire Hathaway committing $10 billion toward the expansion. That’s the resource base that allows Spark to run 24/7 virtual machines at a consumer subscription price point — and it signals that Google is making multi-year infrastructure bets on agentic AI as the dominant product interface going forward, not treating it as an experimental feature.

Real-World Use Cases

Use Case 1: Client Inquiry Monitoring for Marketing Agencies

Scenario: A boutique marketing agency manages 12 client accounts. Their shared Gmail inbox receives between 40 and 80 messages daily across client domains — new business inquiries, press requests, partnership pitches, and operational questions. A coordinator currently triages and routes these within 24 hours, but response time is inconsistent, especially across evenings and weekends when the coordinator is offline.

Implementation: Configure Spark with access to the agency’s shared Gmail inbox. Issue a standing instruction via email to the Spark Gmail address: categorize all incoming messages by client and inquiry type using a defined taxonomy the team has agreed on, draft initial responses for routine requests by pulling from email templates stored in Google Docs, and surface urgent items in a daily digest document updated in the team’s shared Google Drive each morning. Spark continues this triage on Google Cloud infrastructure overnight without any device staying on or any team member being on call.

Expected Outcome: Based on Spark’s demonstrated inbox monitoring capability described by Sundar Pichai at I/O 2026, routine inquiry first-response time drops from 24 hours to under 4. The coordinator’s daily role shifts from message-by-message triage to reviewing and approving Spark-drafted responses — recovering roughly 90 minutes per day for higher-value account work. Response quality becomes more consistent because Spark draws from the same template library every time rather than improvising based on whoever happens to be staffing the inbox that day.


Use Case 2: Competitive Intelligence Synthesis From Newsletter Subscriptions

Scenario: An in-house marketing director at a B2B SaaS company subscribes to 35 industry newsletters, analyst digests, and competitor announcements delivered to Gmail. Reading through them consumes 45-60 minutes every Monday morning. The signal-to-noise ratio is low. Important competitive moves routinely get buried beneath event announcements and generic thought-leader content. The director knows they’re missing things — they just don’t have time to read everything thoroughly.

Implementation: Create a dedicated Gmail label for intelligence newsletters and apply it consistently to incoming subscriptions. Instruct Spark to run a synthesis task every Sunday at 9 PM: access all newsletters in the labeled folder from the preceding 7 days, run web searches via Chrome for any related developments tied to named competitors and key product categories, and generate a structured Google Doc organized by topic — competitor moves, market trend signals, customer research findings, and regulatory or platform changes relevant to the business. Share the document link via a recurring Monday morning Google Calendar event.

Expected Outcome: Monday briefing preparation drops from 45-60 minutes of sequential reading to 10-15 minutes of reviewing a structured synthesis. Because Spark processes all 35 newsletters simultaneously rather than sequentially, it surfaces cross-newsletter patterns that a human reader scanning one at a time would likely miss — for example, two separate sources both noting a competitor’s pricing change, or three newsletters in a row mentioning the same research finding. The intelligence is ready before the team convenes, not assembled during or after.


Use Case 3: Campaign Performance Report Drafting

Scenario: A digital marketing manager produces bi-weekly performance reports for the leadership team. The current process: export data from campaign platforms into Google Sheets, review the corresponding creative brief in Google Docs, and write a narrative performance summary — typically 2-3 hours per report cycle, with most of that time consumed by context-switching between files and manually interpreting what the numbers mean in light of the original campaign goals.

Implementation: Maintain all campaign metrics in a standardized Google Sheets format with consistent column naming across every campaign. Store campaign briefs and creative rationale in paired Google Docs with a naming convention that lets Spark identify which brief corresponds to which Sheets file. Instruct Spark to access the Sheets on the report cycle date, cross-reference against the corresponding campaign brief, and draft a performance narrative using a report template structure stored in a master Docs file. Spark can read across multiple Sheets tabs, identify strongest and weakest performing elements, and write a first-draft narrative the manager then edits and approves.

Expected Outcome: Report drafting time drops from 2-3 hours to 30-45 minutes of editing and final approval. Because Spark pulls directly from source Sheets rather than relying on a human’s verbal summary of those numbers, transcription errors and selective memory effects are reduced. Leadership receives consistent report formatting every cycle regardless of who is in the office, and the manager spends time on interpretation and recommendations rather than data assembly.


Use Case 4: Event Marketing Logistics and Attendee Briefing

Scenario: A conference marketing team needs to produce a three-day industry event briefing packet for key accounts before each major conference: local dining options, evening activities, session highlights, logistics notes, and sponsor dinner schedules. The current process takes a team member a full day to compile from scattered sources — venue websites, conference apps, local guides, and the team’s own calendar files.

Implementation: Load event details into a Google Calendar entry with the full schedule attached as a Docs file. Create a Google Sheets file with attending account names, relevant preferences, and any dietary or accessibility notes. Instruct Spark to research local dining options via Chrome based on the event location, dates, and number of attendees in the Sheets file, compile activity suggestions appropriate to the professional context of the event, check for scheduling conflicts against the team calendar, and assemble everything into a structured Google Doc formatted per the team’s event briefing template. Schedule this to run automatically three days before each event on the calendar.

Expected Outcome: Sarah Perez’s testing of Spark showed it checking weather, reviewing event details, and generating comprehensive recommendations including specific situational details like venue pet policies. Applied to event logistics, that same research depth means the briefing packet is 80-85% complete before any human research time is invested. Compilation drops from 6-8 hours to 1-2 hours of review and personalization. The same task template reuses for every event on the calendar, compounding the time savings across a full conference season.


Use Case 5: Monthly Content Calendar Gap Analysis

Scenario: A content marketing manager maintains a publishing calendar in Google Sheets and a reference library in Google Docs — past post summaries, topic clusters, keyword mappings, and audience personas. Identifying coverage gaps (topics not addressed, formats underutilized, seasonal opportunities coming up) requires manually cross-referencing multiple documents. This exercise takes 2-3 hours and happens inconsistently because it’s always the task that gets deferred when other priorities press in.

Implementation: Build a target topic cluster list as a dedicated tab in the existing content Sheets file. Authorize Spark to access the content calendar, topic cluster Sheets, persona Docs, and the team’s shared Google Calendar. Instruct Spark to run on the first of each month: compare current published content against the target topic list, flag topics not addressed in the past 60 days, identify seasonal opportunities in the upcoming 6 weeks based on calendar dates, and generate a gap report with specific topic recommendations in a new Google Doc shared with the full content team before the monthly planning meeting.

Expected Outcome: A monthly gap report arrives automatically in the team’s Drive without any manager time spent on the cross-reference exercise. Because the report is generated from actual calendar data rather than the manager’s recollection of what’s been published, it catches coverage gaps that a memory-based assessment would miss. Content planning meetings become materially more efficient because the gap analysis is already done and distributed before the meeting begins — the team spends time deciding what to build, not figuring out what’s been missed.

The Bigger Picture

Gemini Spark doesn’t exist in isolation. It’s the first consumer-facing product to make Google’s agentic infrastructure directly accessible to individual subscribers — but it arrives during a week when the competitive dynamics of the AI industry are shifting at pace.

The same week Spark reviews began circulating, The Decoder reported that OpenAI expanded Codex with 62 apps and 110 capabilities targeting analysts, designers, and bankers — and that the non-developer user group is growing three times faster than developers. That data point matters for marketers: the AI tools race has moved from coding automation to white-collar workflow automation. The competitive battleground is now the marketing director’s inbox and the content team’s planning process, not the software engineer’s IDE.

Simultaneously, Anthropic filed an S-1 for its IPO at a near-$1 trillion valuation, per The Decoder’s June 1 report, while scaling Project Glasswing — its enterprise security and vulnerability detection initiative — to 150 partners across 15+ countries, having already identified more than 10,000 serious security vulnerabilities in partner systems. The pattern is instructive: as agentic AI proliferates, the companies building it are investing simultaneously in capability and security infrastructure, because enterprise customers will require documented security controls before authorizing agent access to sensitive internal systems. The security investment isn’t altruistic — it’s the prerequisite for enterprise sales.

Alphabet’s $80 billion AI infrastructure capital raise reported the same week frames Spark’s economics differently than a feature announcement would. Berkshire Hathaway committing $10 billion to that raise is a signal about infrastructure longevity and long-term conviction. The 24/7 virtual machine model that makes Spark practically useful — you don’t need your laptop on, the agent works while you sleep — is expensive to run at scale. That capital is what sustains it at consumer price points and what will eventually bring it to broader Workspace subscription tiers.

TechCrunch noted at launch that all three major AI labs now have comparable autonomous agent functionality available simultaneously. The differentiation competition from this point forward will not be won on model benchmarks or feature lists. It will be won on reliability, integration depth, data governance transparency, and demonstrated task success rate in real-world professional workflows. For Google, the Gmail advantage is structural and durable in a way that model quality comparisons are not. Spark isn’t connecting to your email through an integration — it’s operating from inside an ecosystem that Google has built around your data for two decades. That’s not something a competitor can ship in a quarterly release cycle.

For the marketing industry specifically, the pattern to track is how quickly trust follows demonstrated capability. The Verge’s “impressive and terrifying” framing reflects the first contact moment: users are discovering that Spark works better than expected, and that it works by having access to more of their professional life than they may have consciously mapped out before granting authorization. That reaction is a normal calibration response — it’s what happens before users develop intuitions about what to delegate and what to retain. The marketers who develop those intuitions earliest will have a structural productivity advantage over those still treating every AI output as a novelty to be reviewed with maximum skepticism.

What Smart Marketers Should Do Now

  1. Audit your Google Workspace data before granting Spark authorization. Before you authorize an AI agent to act on your emails, documents, and spreadsheets, understand explicitly what’s in them. Review your Gmail label structure, shared Drive folders, and Sheets files to identify anything that lives under NDA, involves client confidential data, or carries legal exposure if processed by a third-party system. Spark’s core advantage — Google already has all your emails — is identical to its core risk surface. A 30-minute data audit before deployment is far less expensive than discovering after the fact that Spark synthesized and surfaced information it shouldn’t have touched. If your Workspace plan doesn’t include enterprise data isolation controls sufficient for your client contractual obligations, confirm that before proceeding.

  2. Start with inbox monitoring on a narrow scope and document what you learn. The small business inbox monitoring use case that Sundar Pichai highlighted at I/O 2026 is the fastest path to measurable ROI with the lowest risk surface. Start with a single inbox label or a single client’s contact folder. Give Spark one narrow, well-defined instruction. Run the pilot for two weeks and document what it gets right, what it gets wrong, and where its judgment aligns with yours. This isn’t optional patience — it’s how you build the institutional knowledge about Spark’s behavior that will inform your expanded deployment. Skipping the pilot and going directly to multi-step workflows that touch external client communications is how you discover calibration problems publicly rather than internally.

  3. Build your template infrastructure in Google Docs before you need it. Spark drafts from existing documents. Its output quality is directly tied to the quality and accessibility of the reference materials it can pull from — response templates, brand voice guidelines, reporting formats, and content frameworks. If those documents don’t exist in Google Docs, or exist in inconsistently formatted files scattered across a shared Drive, Spark will produce inconsistent output that requires as much editing as starting from scratch. Invest two to four hours standardizing the documents Spark will reference. This pays dividends regardless of whether you deploy Spark, but it’s a prerequisite for getting reliable results from it.

  4. Set a hard policy: Spark drafts, humans approve before anything ships externally. Sarah Perez’s testing found Spark returning four items when five were requested, providing an invalid promo code, and missing summer camp pricing and program dates without additional prompting. These are calibration issues that improve with better task framing and iterative use — they are not fundamental architectural failures. But they confirm that Spark is not ready for unsupervised external communication. Establish a clear operational policy now: Spark drafts, a designated human reviews and approves before anything reaches a client, customer, or public channel. This maintains the chain of human accountability that autonomous agents are structurally designed to reduce.

  5. Get access to Google AI Ultra now, before demand outpaces supply. Spark is currently exclusive to Google AI Ultra subscribers. The Verge’s “most impressive and terrifying” coverage — and similar reviews that will follow as more practitioners test it — will drive demand for Ultra subscriptions faster than Google has historically scaled premium tier access. If your marketing workflow overlaps with even two of the use cases above, the subscription cost is likely justified by time savings in the first month. More importantly: access is currently ahead of demand, which means you can run a genuine learning pilot in a low-pressure environment. That window will close as the rest of the market processes the same reviews you’re reading now.

What to Watch Next

MCP integration expansion (Q3-Q4 2026): Spark currently supports MCP for third-party app connections, but the practical inventory of available integrations is limited. Sarah Perez noted that Spark can’t book restaurants on Resy or search flights through preferred engines — gaps that will close as third-party MCP providers build Spark-compatible integrations. Watch for CRM platforms (Salesforce, HubSpot), social media scheduling tools, and travel and event booking platforms specifically. Any of those integrations directly expands Spark’s marketing utility and moves it from research and drafting tool to execution agent.

Google Keep and remaining Workspace gaps: The missing Google Keep integration is a notable oversight for anyone who uses Keep as a quick-capture tool for campaign ideas, competitive observations, or client notes. This will almost certainly be resolved in a near-term Spark release. Monitor the Gemini release notes and the Google AI Blog for Workspace integration updates through the end of 2026.

Competitive response from OpenAI and Anthropic: OpenAI’s Codex expansion with 62 role-specific apps and 110 capabilities targets the same workflow automation market Spark is entering. The open question is whether OpenAI adds deep email integration that matches Spark’s native Gmail advantage — which would require either a Gmail API partnership or a competitive inbox integration that users would need to manually configure. Meanwhile, Anthropic’s IPO filing at near-$1 trillion brings significant new capital for Claude Cowork development. The differentiation race between these three platforms will accelerate sharply through Q3 and Q4 2026.

Alphabet’s infrastructure deployment timeline: The $80 billion capital raise is being deployed into Google’s AI infrastructure over the coming months and years. Watch for capacity expansions that bring Spark’s 24/7 virtual machine model to lower price points — potentially including Google Workspace Business subscribers rather than only AI Ultra. If that happens, Spark becomes a tool that marketing agencies can deploy across client accounts, not just for internal use.

Enterprise data governance controls from Google: Marketing teams at larger companies and agencies will face internal legal and IT reviews before Spark can be authorized on company accounts at scale. The unlock for agency and enterprise adoption is Google releasing explicit, documented data governance controls specifically addressing what AI agents can and cannot access on enterprise Workspace plans — with audit logging, scope limitation, and data processing agreements that satisfy enterprise legal requirements. Watch the Google Cloud and Workspace enterprise release notes for this.

The autonomy conversation in the broader public: The “terrifying” reaction that The Verge’s review captured is the public’s first wide-scale encounter with a consumer-grade AI agent that actually follows through on multi-step autonomous tasks. The conversation that follows — about authorization scope, privacy controls, and what it means to delegate real professional decisions to a software agent — is just beginning. Marketing teams need to follow it, because client expectations, regulatory frameworks, and consumer preferences around AI-generated outreach will all be shaped by how the public processes these first-mover experiences.

Bottom Line

Google Gemini Spark is the most significant AI product launch for marketers since the LLM wave began in 2022 — not because of its model quality, but because of its architecture. A 24/7 agent that operates from inside your Gmail, drafts from your Docs, and executes tasks while you sleep changes the calculus on what a one- or two-person marketing operation can deliver. The limitations are real: no Google Keep, no third-party bookings, occasional accuracy gaps in research-heavy tasks. These are fixable calibration problems, not structural failures. The irreplaceable advantage — deep native access to Google Workspace data without any integration setup — is structural and will take competitors years to replicate, if they can replicate it at all.

The right stance for marketing practitioners right now is neither breathless adoption nor skeptical wait-and-see. It’s deliberate deployment: audit your data first, start narrow on inbox monitoring, build your reference template infrastructure, keep humans in the approval loop for any external communication, and develop the institutional knowledge about Spark’s behavior before your competitors do. The competitive window where early adopters build material operational advantages over late movers is open right now. It won’t stay open long.


Like it? Share with your friends!

0

What's Your Reaction?

hate hate
0
hate
confused confused
0
confused
fail fail
0
fail
fun fun
0
fun
geeky geeky
0
geeky
love love
0
love
lol lol
0
lol
omg omg
0
omg
win win
0
win

0 Comments

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *